2024年7月18日 星期一 19:43:55

抗酶解淀粉及其分类介绍

  抗酶解淀粉最先是用来描述经过充分糊化但不能够被胰淀粉酶或普鲁兰酶所酶解的那部分淀粉。现在人们对抗酶解淀粉的认识进一步扩展为那些不能被人体健康小肠所消化吸收的淀粉及其降解产物。目前,人们对抗酶解淀粉的存在、形成及其特征已有一定了解,但许多方面还在研究之中。国外于80年代初就开始对其展开研究,并认为它是一种极具生理功能潜力、具有良好食品加工特征的可用于制造高品质食品的成分,具有广泛的应用前景。而国内在此领域研究并不多见。    
  抗酶解淀粉的分类    
  抗酶解淀粉的抗酶解性是与淀粉的一系列自然属性和食品加工过程相关的,因此它是一种性质并非完全相同的碳水化合物。早在1985年Englyst就从营养学的角度将其分为三类,并分别定义为RS1、RS2、RS3。随着研究的深入,1992年Englyst等人根据其抗酶解性的不同进一步将其分为四类:RS1、RS2、RS3、RS4。    
  RS1指的是由于机械加工而使淀粉颗粒发生物理屏蔽作用,被锁定在植物细胞壁上使其不能为淀粉酶所作用的部分。它主要存在于粗磨或粗碾过的谷物、豆科类的种子中。    
  RS2包括植物淀粉中自然固有的抗酶解的淀粉颗粒和不能完全糊化的淀粉颗粒。它常存在于生的或未被加工过的马铃薯、绿香蕉和高直链淀粉中。这两种抗酶解淀粉经过适当加工之后仍可以被淀粉酶降解。    
  RS3是凝沉的淀粉聚合物,它主要由糊化淀粉经冷却后形成。这类抗酶解淀粉包括RS3a 和 RS3b两种。其中 RS3a 为凝沉的支链淀粉,RS3b 为凝沉的直链淀粉 。RSb的抗酶解性最强,而RS3a 可经过再加热而被淀粉酶降解。RS3是最重要也是最主要的抗酶解淀粉。    
  RS4指淀粉经过物理或化学变性后,由于淀粉分子结构的改变以及一些化学官能团的引入而产生的抗酶解淀粉片段,如乙酰基、羟丙基淀粉和热变性淀粉中的抗酶解淀粉片段。    
 
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