2024年7月18日 星期一 19:43:55

黑色马铃薯栽培技术

   随着园区农业及观光采摘型农业在各地兴起,对特色马铃薯品种的需求逐渐增加,吉林省梨树县万发镇农技站于2003年引入黑色马铃薯并栽培成功。该品种是集营养保健、观赏于一身的彩色马铃薯新品种,除具有细腻、香、面的上佳品质外,还有色泽鲜艳的独特外观,有预防癌症、美容等功效。黑色马铃薯在国内栽培面积尚小,每公斤价格在6元~8元,是普通马铃薯的6倍~8倍,俏销市场,经济效益可观。
   一、特征特性幼苗直立,株丛繁茂,株型高大,生长势强。株高60厘米,茎粗1.37厘米,茎深紫色,横断面三棱型。主茎发达,分枝较少。叶色深绿,叶柄紫色,花冠紫色,花瓣深紫色。薯体长椭圆形,表皮光滑,呈黑紫色,乌黑发亮,富有光泽。薯肉深紫色,致密度紧。外观颜色诱惑力强。淀粉含量13%~15%,口感香面品质好。芽眼浅,芽眼数中等。结薯集中,单株结薯6个~8个,单薯重120克~300克。全生育期90天,属中早熟品种,耐旱耐寒性强,适应性广,薯块耐贮藏。抗早疫病、晚疫病、环腐病、黑胫病、病毒病。一般亩产2000公斤~2500公斤,比普通品种增产15%左右。适宜全国马铃薯主产区、次产区栽培,发展前景看好。
   二、食用价值黑色马铃薯营养丰富,每百克含蛋白质2.3克、脂肪0.1克、碳水化合物16.5克、钙11毫克、铁1.2毫克、磷64毫克、钾342毫克、镁22.9毫克、胡萝卜素0.01毫克、硫胺素0.1毫克、核黄素0.03毫克、烟酸0.4毫克、抗血坏酸16毫克、花青素100毫克。黑色马铃薯既可做配菜,又可做特色菜肴。炒、炸、烧、煮、煨、蒸、煎等均可,能做成500道味道鲜美、形色各异的食品。另外,其本身含有丰富的抗氧化物质,经高温油炸后不需添加色素仍可保持原有的天然颜色。
   三、栽培要点1.催芽与切块:在播种前20天~30天将经过精选后的种薯置于20℃环境条件下均匀摆放,适当喷水,用草苫遮阴。待幼芽长到黄豆粒大小时,将种薯置于温暖向阳处晒种,使幼苗绿化壮芽。播种前1天~2天进行种薯切块,每块种薯重量在25克左右。小块种薯竖切,每个切块都要有顶部壮芽;大块种薯从尾部开切,淘汰弱芽,按芽眼排列顺序,自顶部斜切,最后将顶部一分为二。切块用刀一定要用75%的酒精进行严格消毒。2.整地播种:黑色马铃薯生育期较短,需肥较集中,每亩撒施优质有机肥3立方米~5立方米,磷酸二铵20公斤、尿素20公斤、硫酸钾10公斤,施肥后将土壤深耕细耙。黑色马铃薯宜稀不宜密,按行距70厘米开沟,沟深5厘米,开沟时施入辛硫磷颗粒剂防治地老虎等地下害虫。按株距25厘米~30厘米进行播种,每亩保苗3500株左右。播种后及时镇压并整好垄形,喷除草剂后进行覆盖地膜。3.田间管理:幼苗出土后要及时破膜放苗,并用湿上将放苗孔封严。当幼苗出齐后,为了促进幼苗早发棵,可叶面喷施叶绿精800倍液2次~3次;在开花期,及时摘除花蕾。为提高大薯率,可叶面喷施甜果精800倍液2次~3次。黑色马铃薯的主要病害是晚疫病,虫害是蚜虫和瓢虫。防治晚疫病可用64%杀毒矾600倍液进行喷雾;防治蚜虫和瓢虫可用18%乐斯本1000倍液进行喷杀。4.适时收获:根据市场供销情况适时收刨,收获过程中要尽量减少机械损伤,以免影响商品质量。来源:中国特产报


 

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